Keller, Shoshana. To Moscow, not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign Against Islam in Central Asia, 1917-1941. Westport, CN: Praeger, 2001.
As her title states, Keller's book provides a history of the Soviet campaign against Islam in Central Asia. The work is based on archival research in Moscow and Tashkent and bibliographic sources in Russian and English. The Glossary and Index are not very extensive.
Showing posts with label archival. Show all posts
Showing posts with label archival. Show all posts
Riasanovsky, V. A. "Juristic Customs of the Kirghiz." In Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia. Tientsin, 1938.
This chapter quotes some of the Kazakh (referred to by Riasanovsky as "Kirghiz (Kirghiz-Kaisaks)") customary laws (e.g. family, property, criminal) that were codified (e.g. "Laws of Khan Tevka") during the Tsarist period. It also reviews some of the Mongol, Muslim, and Russian influences on customary law. On page 24, Riasanovsky states: "As is well known, the Mohammedan religion exerted an influence on the laws of the peoples which professed it. Such influence also existed among the Kirghiz."
This chapter quotes some of the Kazakh (referred to by Riasanovsky as "Kirghiz (Kirghiz-Kaisaks)") customary laws (e.g. family, property, criminal) that were codified (e.g. "Laws of Khan Tevka") during the Tsarist period. It also reviews some of the Mongol, Muslim, and Russian influences on customary law. On page 24, Riasanovsky states: "As is well known, the Mohammedan religion exerted an influence on the laws of the peoples which professed it. Such influence also existed among the Kirghiz."
Northrop, Douglas. "Subaltern Dialogues: Subversion and Resistance in Soviet Uzbek Family Law." Slavic Review 60, no. 1 (2001): 115-139.
Northrop reviews the Soviet attempt to change Uzbek family life through law (byt crimes) and the complications that are inherent with such law reform projects. He first reviews how the Soviets chose which traditions to criminalize, then how they attempted to enforce those crimes, the local reaction to enforcement, and finally the negotiated outcome. He uses local archives, Uzbek and Russian language materials, and contemporary scholarship as sources. This article is part of his book Veiled Empire. He also wrote, "The Limits of Liberation."
Sections: Custom Criminalized: Defining a Canon of "Byt Crimes;" Soviet Law as a Starting Point: Negotiation, Subversion, Creativity; Reworking Bolshevism from Within: The Uzbek Soviet Apparatus; Languages of Power: Uzbeks Outside the Party.
Descriptors: 2000s, archival, bibliographic, bride price, divorce, history, Islamic law, journal, marriage, N, reform, Soviet, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, women; Zhenotdel, qalin.
Northrop reviews the Soviet attempt to change Uzbek family life through law (byt crimes) and the complications that are inherent with such law reform projects. He first reviews how the Soviets chose which traditions to criminalize, then how they attempted to enforce those crimes, the local reaction to enforcement, and finally the negotiated outcome. He uses local archives, Uzbek and Russian language materials, and contemporary scholarship as sources. This article is part of his book Veiled Empire. He also wrote, "The Limits of Liberation."
Sections: Custom Criminalized: Defining a Canon of "Byt Crimes;" Soviet Law as a Starting Point: Negotiation, Subversion, Creativity; Reworking Bolshevism from Within: The Uzbek Soviet Apparatus; Languages of Power: Uzbeks Outside the Party.
Descriptors: 2000s, archival, bibliographic, bride price, divorce, history, Islamic law, journal, marriage, N, reform, Soviet, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, women; Zhenotdel, qalin.
Fathi, Habiba. "Gender, Islam, and Social Change in Uzbekistan." Central Asian Survey 25, no. 3 (2006): 303-317.
This is a continuation of Fathi's (1997) prior work on otins. In her own words: "This chapter explores the way in which the role of the otin-oyi or bibi-khalife has responded to recent socio-economic and political developments and will place the Central Asian experience within the context of the role of women in Islam more generally." Many of her sources are in French and Russian.
Sections: The Central Asian Case in a Global Muslim Context; Otin-oyi and Bibi-Khalife Past and Present: Reproduction or Reinterpretation?; Russian Turkestan; Soviet Central Asia; Challenging Religious Tradition in the Independent States; Conclusion. Cross References: Fathi 1997. Descriptors: 2000s, ACTORS, archival, bibliographic, F, history, interview, journal, otins, post-Soviet, reform, Soviet, Tsarist, Uzbeks, women.
This is a continuation of Fathi's (1997) prior work on otins. In her own words: "This chapter explores the way in which the role of the otin-oyi or bibi-khalife has responded to recent socio-economic and political developments and will place the Central Asian experience within the context of the role of women in Islam more generally." Many of her sources are in French and Russian.
Sections: The Central Asian Case in a Global Muslim Context; Otin-oyi and Bibi-Khalife Past and Present: Reproduction or Reinterpretation?; Russian Turkestan; Soviet Central Asia; Challenging Religious Tradition in the Independent States; Conclusion. Cross References: Fathi 1997. Descriptors: 2000s, ACTORS, archival, bibliographic, F, history, interview, journal, otins, post-Soviet, reform, Soviet, Tsarist, Uzbeks, women.
"Seventeen Moments in Soviet History." http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php.
Descriptors: archival, audio, e-content, maps, photos, Soviet, translation, video, website.
Seventeen Moments in Soviet History contains a rich archive of texts, images, maps and audio and video materials from the Soviet era (1917-1991). The materials are arranged by year and by subject, are fully searchable, and are translated into English. Students, educators, and scholars will find fascinating materials about Soviet propaganda, politics, economics, society, crime, literature, art, dissidents and hundreds of other topics.The following sections relate to Islam in Central Asia and contain photos, images, videos, and text (including translated documents): The Muslim East: Central Asia and the Muslim East (e.g. veil images, proclamations, constitutions, and Stalin speeches); and Antireligious Propaganda (e.g. anti-Islamic propaganda and the Soviet Policy on Islam). Registration is required to obtain access to all material.
Descriptors: archival, audio, e-content, maps, photos, Soviet, translation, video, website.
Sinor, Denis. "Some Latin Sources on the Khanate of Uzbek." In Essays on Uzbek History, Culture, and Language, edited by Bakhtiyar A. Nazarov, Denis Sinor, and Devin A. DeWeese, 110-119. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, v. 156, edited by Dennis Sinor. Bloomington: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1993.
"Uzbek, Khan of the Golden Horde (r. 1313-1342)," is known as "the first khan of the Golden Horde to adopt Islam as a state religion" and "ruler of the Uzbek nation" (p. 110). Even though Islam was the state religion under his rule, the Latin sources reviewed here by Sinor show that he maintained religious tolerance with Mongols and Christians.
Descriptors: 1990s, archival, biography, chapter, historical, history, pre-Tsarist, S, Uzbeks.
"Uzbek, Khan of the Golden Horde (r. 1313-1342)," is known as "the first khan of the Golden Horde to adopt Islam as a state religion" and "ruler of the Uzbek nation" (p. 110). Even though Islam was the state religion under his rule, the Latin sources reviewed here by Sinor show that he maintained religious tolerance with Mongols and Christians.
Descriptors: 1990s, archival, biography, chapter, historical, history, pre-Tsarist, S, Uzbeks.
Khalid, Adeeb. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.
Khalid's book covers Jadid reformers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who sought to reform Islam in order to reconcile it with modernity and who used the media as a tool and promoted modern education. In describing the debates prompted by the Jadids of what is "Islamic," Kahlid argues as follows on page xiii: "Islam, and Muslim culture, and the sense of being Muslim are far from immutable characteristics; rather, they change and evolve and do so through debate and the struggles of different groups in Muslim society."
Sections: List of Tables; Preface; Technical Note; Abbreviations; Introduction; 1-Knowledge and Society in the Nineteenth Century; 2-The Making of a Colonial Society; 3-The Origins of Jadidism; 4-The Politics of Admonition; 5-Knowledge as Salvation; 6-Imagining the Nation; 7-Navigating the Nation; 8-1917: The Moment of Truth; Epilogue; Select Bibliography; Index. Descriptors: 1990s, archival, bibliographic, book, diversity, history, jadids, K, reform, Soviet, Tsarist.
Khalid's book covers Jadid reformers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who sought to reform Islam in order to reconcile it with modernity and who used the media as a tool and promoted modern education. In describing the debates prompted by the Jadids of what is "Islamic," Kahlid argues as follows on page xiii: "Islam, and Muslim culture, and the sense of being Muslim are far from immutable characteristics; rather, they change and evolve and do so through debate and the struggles of different groups in Muslim society."
Sections: List of Tables; Preface; Technical Note; Abbreviations; Introduction; 1-Knowledge and Society in the Nineteenth Century; 2-The Making of a Colonial Society; 3-The Origins of Jadidism; 4-The Politics of Admonition; 5-Knowledge as Salvation; 6-Imagining the Nation; 7-Navigating the Nation; 8-1917: The Moment of Truth; Epilogue; Select Bibliography; Index. Descriptors: 1990s, archival, bibliographic, book, diversity, history, jadids, K, reform, Soviet, Tsarist.
DeWeese, Devin. "A Neglected Source on Central Asian History: The 17th Century Yasavi Hagiography, Manaqib Al-Akhyar." In Essays on Uzbek History, Culture, and Language, edited by Bakhtiyar A. Nazarov, Denis Sinor, and Devin A. DeWeese, 38-50. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, v. 156, edited by Dennis Sinor. Bloomington: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1993.
DeWeese in this chapter reviews the Manaqib Al-Akhyar, a hagiographical account completed by Muhammad Qasim in 1626. According to DeWeese this account contains valuable information on the history of Central Asia and the Yasavi and Nashqabandi Sufi tariqas. Descriptors: 1990s, archival, chapter, D, historical, literature, pre-Tsarist, Sufism
DeWeese in this chapter reviews the Manaqib Al-Akhyar, a hagiographical account completed by Muhammad Qasim in 1626. According to DeWeese this account contains valuable information on the history of Central Asia and the Yasavi and Nashqabandi Sufi tariqas. Descriptors: 1990s, archival, chapter, D, historical, literature, pre-Tsarist, Sufism
Fathi, Habiba. "Otines: The Unknown Women Clerics of Central Asian Islam." Central Asian Survey 16, no. 1 (1997): 27-44.
Fathi's article uses Soviet sources to review otins (women Islamic teachers) in Uzbekistan. It provides a good insight into the role of some women in Soviet society and how, despite Soviet attempts to promote atheism, otins helped to preserve Islam and tradition. Before describing otins, it reviews issues such as the bride price, legal age for marriage, marriage, polygamy, the hujum, the veil, parandja, etc. See also Fathi (2006).
Contents: The Soviet State and the Central Asian Woman; The Traditional Role of the Otines; The Role of the Otines in the Survival of Islam; The Mahalla: a Place of Memory; Initiation; Authority in the Community; The Central Asian Family: An Obstacle to the Emergence of Homo Sovieticus; Islam and Independence
Fathi's article uses Soviet sources to review otins (women Islamic teachers) in Uzbekistan. It provides a good insight into the role of some women in Soviet society and how, despite Soviet attempts to promote atheism, otins helped to preserve Islam and tradition. Before describing otins, it reviews issues such as the bride price, legal age for marriage, marriage, polygamy, the hujum, the veil, parandja, etc. See also Fathi (2006).
Contents: The Soviet State and the Central Asian Woman; The Traditional Role of the Otines; The Role of the Otines in the Survival of Islam; The Mahalla: a Place of Memory; Initiation; Authority in the Community; The Central Asian Family: An Obstacle to the Emergence of Homo Sovieticus; Islam and Independence
Lunde, Paul. "Muslims in China: The History." Saudi Aramco World, July/August 1985, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-an.introduction.htm.
Lunde's article appears to be well researched and contains quotes and references to many historical documents. It mostly discusses the introduction of Islam to what is today China by Arabs, ancestors of the Hui. Lunde's discussion of Turkic Muslims in the region is limited. He discusses in detail the relationship between Ch'agan (Xi'an) and Baghdad. There are only a few paragraphs at the end briefly discussing the history of Islam in what is today China from the initial period to modern times. Descriptors: 1980s, archival, China, history, L, magazine, pre-Tsarist; Hui, Xi'an, Kashgar, Ferghana
Lunde's article appears to be well researched and contains quotes and references to many historical documents. It mostly discusses the introduction of Islam to what is today China by Arabs, ancestors of the Hui. Lunde's discussion of Turkic Muslims in the region is limited. He discusses in detail the relationship between Ch'agan (Xi'an) and Baghdad. There are only a few paragraphs at the end briefly discussing the history of Islam in what is today China from the initial period to modern times. Descriptors: 1980s, archival, China, history, L, magazine, pre-Tsarist; Hui, Xi'an, Kashgar, Ferghana
ArchNet: Islamic Architecture Community. "Digital Library." ArchNet: Islamic Architecture Community, http://archnet.org/library/.
This website contains various links to images of and publications regarding Islamic architecture. The City and Country Names section includes Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and China along with some of their cities. Some examples include:
This website contains various links to images of and publications regarding Islamic architecture. The City and Country Names section includes Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and China along with some of their cities. Some examples include:
Northrop, Douglas. "The Limits of Liberation: Gender, Revolution, and the Veil in Everyday Life in Soviet Uzbekistan." In Everyday Life in Central Asia: Past and Present, edited by Jeff Sahadeo and Russell Zanca, 89-102. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
This chapter appears to be a shorter version of Northrop's book Veiled Empire. It provides a concise picture of the hujum attempt by the Soviets to remove the veil from Muslim women in Uzbekistan. The Appendix contains a letter to the Samarqand City Soviet signed by 20 female school teachers chastising the government for not supporting them in resulting social pressures when they took off the veil.
Sections: A Quotidian Revolution: Veils and Family Life in the Soviet Empire; Appendix
This chapter appears to be a shorter version of Northrop's book Veiled Empire. It provides a concise picture of the hujum attempt by the Soviets to remove the veil from Muslim women in Uzbekistan. The Appendix contains a letter to the Samarqand City Soviet signed by 20 female school teachers chastising the government for not supporting them in resulting social pressures when they took off the veil.
Sections: A Quotidian Revolution: Veils and Family Life in the Soviet Empire; Appendix
Kamp, Marianne. The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Communism. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006.
While other works on the hujum (Soviet efforts to eliminate the veil) start with the hujum, Kamp shows the history of veiling in Uzbekistan prior to the hujum. In some parts it was drier than I expected, but it is an important work given the relative lack of information on the topic, and subtopics like otins. It also has a good glossary of terms.
Sections: Russian Colonialism in Turkestan and Bukhara; Jadids and the Reform of Women; The Revolution and Rights for Uzbek Women; The Otin and the Soviet School (The Otin and Traditional Education; Closing the Door); The New Women; Unveiling before the Hujum; The Hujum; The Counter-Hujum: Terror and Veiling; Continuity and Change in Uzbek Women's Lives; Conclusions
While other works on the hujum (Soviet efforts to eliminate the veil) start with the hujum, Kamp shows the history of veiling in Uzbekistan prior to the hujum. In some parts it was drier than I expected, but it is an important work given the relative lack of information on the topic, and subtopics like otins. It also has a good glossary of terms.
Sections: Russian Colonialism in Turkestan and Bukhara; Jadids and the Reform of Women; The Revolution and Rights for Uzbek Women; The Otin and the Soviet School (The Otin and Traditional Education; Closing the Door); The New Women; Unveiling before the Hujum; The Hujum; The Counter-Hujum: Terror and Veiling; Continuity and Change in Uzbek Women's Lives; Conclusions
Geiss, Paul Georg. Pre-Tsarist and Tsarist Central Asia: Communal Commitment and Political Order in Change. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
Geiss's book has a good history of customary law (aksakal/oqsoqol and biy/bii) and Islamic law (qadi/qazi) courts in Central Asia. With regard to Islamic law, it discusses the importance of the mahalla and with regard to customary law, it discusses the importance of tribal relations. It appears well researched and has maps and graphs of tribal relations and a nice glossary of terms. It concludes by arguing that an understanding of the communal commitment structures in Central Asia is necessary before democratic reforms can be achieved.
Contents: Tribal Communal Commitment; Residential Communal Commitment; Pre-Tsarist Tribal Political Integration; Dynastic Rule in the River Oases: Between Tribalism and Patrimonialism; The Tsarist Administration and its Impact on Communal Commitment; Tsarist Protectorates; Prospects. Descriptors: 2000s, ACTORS, archival, book, G, history, Islamic law, mahalla, oqsoqols, pre-Tsarist, reform, SITES, Tsarist.
Geiss's book has a good history of customary law (aksakal/oqsoqol and biy/bii) and Islamic law (qadi/qazi) courts in Central Asia. With regard to Islamic law, it discusses the importance of the mahalla and with regard to customary law, it discusses the importance of tribal relations. It appears well researched and has maps and graphs of tribal relations and a nice glossary of terms. It concludes by arguing that an understanding of the communal commitment structures in Central Asia is necessary before democratic reforms can be achieved.
Contents: Tribal Communal Commitment; Residential Communal Commitment; Pre-Tsarist Tribal Political Integration; Dynastic Rule in the River Oases: Between Tribalism and Patrimonialism; The Tsarist Administration and its Impact on Communal Commitment; Tsarist Protectorates; Prospects. Descriptors: 2000s, ACTORS, archival, book, G, history, Islamic law, mahalla, oqsoqols, pre-Tsarist, reform, SITES, Tsarist.
Geiss, Paul G. "Mahallah and Kinship Relations: A Study on Residential Communal Commitment Structures in Central Asia of the 19th Century." Central Asian Survey 20, no. 1 (2001): 97-106.
Geiss's article discusses the role of Islamic law and kinship relations within the mahalla. It also discusses the role of oqsoqol (aksakal in Kyrgyz or arbob in Tajik) elders.
Contents: Neighbourhood Community; The Impacts of Islamic law (Sharia); Kinship and Residency; Tribal and Residential Communal Commitment
Geiss's article discusses the role of Islamic law and kinship relations within the mahalla. It also discusses the role of oqsoqol (aksakal in Kyrgyz or arbob in Tajik) elders.
Contents: Neighbourhood Community; The Impacts of Islamic law (Sharia); Kinship and Residency; Tribal and Residential Communal Commitment
Feldbrugge, F. J. M. "Criminal Law and Traditional Society: The Role of Soviet Law in the Integration of Non-Slavic Peoples." Review of Socialist Law 3 (1977): 3-51.
This paper uses Russian archival sources to outline the Russian and Soviet intervention into the legal systems, and therefore the society, of their subjects in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Among other topics, it discusses criminal law, family law (the bride price, polygamy, etc.), and the Soviet attack of the veil (hujum). It also discusses the treatment of kazi (qadi) courts and Islamic law as well as bii/biy, manap, and aksakal courts and customary law.
Sections: Introduction; Before 1917; The Soviet Approach; What Types of Conduct are Singled Out?; The Legislative Implementation of Soviet Policies; Some Statistical Data; The Legal Provisions Concerning Traditional Crime; Postscript on the Post-War Situation
This paper uses Russian archival sources to outline the Russian and Soviet intervention into the legal systems, and therefore the society, of their subjects in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Among other topics, it discusses criminal law, family law (the bride price, polygamy, etc.), and the Soviet attack of the veil (hujum). It also discusses the treatment of kazi (qadi) courts and Islamic law as well as bii/biy, manap, and aksakal courts and customary law.
Sections: Introduction; Before 1917; The Soviet Approach; What Types of Conduct are Singled Out?; The Legislative Implementation of Soviet Policies; Some Statistical Data; The Legal Provisions Concerning Traditional Crime; Postscript on the Post-War Situation
Abramson, David M. and Elyor E. Karimov. "Sacred Sites, Profane Ideologies: Religious Pilgrimage and the Uzbek State." In Everyday Life in Central Asia: Past and Present, edited by Jeff Sahadeo and Russell Zanca, 319-338. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
This chapter is very interesting and based on archival information and fieldwork. It reviews the contemporary practice of visiting sacred shrines in Uzbekistan. In doing so it shows the difference between Islam as interpreted by ordinary people and those who have religious education and how the state controls Islam in contemporary Uzbekistan.
Sections: Definition of a Sacred Site; Shared Shrines, Contested Practices (The Shrine of Ughlanjon-ota; The Tomb of Bahauddin Naqshband); Rethinking Religion in the Post-Soviet World; Conclusions: Islam and the Anthropology of Social Change
This chapter is very interesting and based on archival information and fieldwork. It reviews the contemporary practice of visiting sacred shrines in Uzbekistan. In doing so it shows the difference between Islam as interpreted by ordinary people and those who have religious education and how the state controls Islam in contemporary Uzbekistan.
Sections: Definition of a Sacred Site; Shared Shrines, Contested Practices (The Shrine of Ughlanjon-ota; The Tomb of Bahauddin Naqshband); Rethinking Religion in the Post-Soviet World; Conclusions: Islam and the Anthropology of Social Change
Northrop, Douglas. Veiled Empire: Gender & Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004.
In addition to the hujum (the Soviet effort to remove the veil from women in Central Asia), this book also discusses byt crimes dealing with polygamy, marriage, divorce, the bride price, etc. It has some discussion of jadids (new Islam) and qadimists (old school Islam) and also tangentially discusses Islamic law. Sections: Embodying Uzbekistan; Hujum, 1927, Bolshevik Blinders; The Chust Affair; Subaltern Voices; With Friends Like These; Crimes of Daily Life; The Limits of Law; Stalin's Central Asia; Conclusion
In addition to the hujum (the Soviet effort to remove the veil from women in Central Asia), this book also discusses byt crimes dealing with polygamy, marriage, divorce, the bride price, etc. It has some discussion of jadids (new Islam) and qadimists (old school Islam) and also tangentially discusses Islamic law. Sections: Embodying Uzbekistan; Hujum, 1927, Bolshevik Blinders; The Chust Affair; Subaltern Voices; With Friends Like These; Crimes of Daily Life; The Limits of Law; Stalin's Central Asia; Conclusion
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